The residential land is the biggest contributor to UHI, followed by industrial land. A strong positive relationship exists between mean LST and percent ISA. Urban vegetation could mitigate the surface UHI better in summer than in early spring. Similar but stronger negative linear relationship exists between LST and Fv. ![]() ![]() There is a strong negative linear relationship between LST and positive NDVI over the region. Our results have showed that, although there are significant variations in LST at a given fraction of vegetation or impervious surface on a per-pixel basis, NDVI, Fv, and percent ISA are all good predictors of LST on the regional scale. Landscape metrics were calculated from a high spatial resolution (2.5 × 2.5 m) land-cover/land-use map. Two Landsat ETM+ images acquired on March 13 and Jwere used to estimate LST, Fv, and percent ISA. This study investigated how landscape composition and configuration would affect UHI in the Shanghai metropolitan region of China, based on the analysis of land surface temperature (LST) in relation to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), vegetation fraction (Fv), and percent impervious surface area (ISA). ![]() Understanding the effects of landscape pattern on UHI is crucial for improving the ecology and sustainability of cities. One of the key impacts of rapid urbanization on the environment is the effect of urban heat island (UHI). Urbanization is taking place at an unprecedented rate around the world, particularly in China in the past few decades.
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